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TAMUCC CHEMICAL SAFETY GUIDE


PURPOSE

The purpose of this Texas A&M University-Corpus Christi, Chemical Safety Guide is to provide chemical safety information and to recommend work practices and procedures which protect workers and students at the Texas A&M University-Corpus Christi (TAMUCC) from health hazards associated with hazardous chemicals.

The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) has established two programs for employees who work with chemicals. The OSHA Laboratory Standard applies to employees who work with hazardous chemicals in laboratories, while the OSHA Hazard Communication Standard (or Worker Right-to-Know) applies to all other employees who work with hazardous chemicals. In addition to providing chemical safety information and recommending safe procedures, this guide contains information on the basis for regulatory compliance programs. This guide will be updated periodically.

Overview of the Environmental, Health and Safety Department

The mission of the Environmental, Health and Safety Department (E,H&S) is to work with the campus community to develop and implement an efficient, convenient, comprehensive, and forward-looking chemical safety program. Priorities are as follows:
• Develop chemical safety programs that protect the health and well being of students, faculty,
staff, and visitors at TAMUCC.
• Develop programs to minimize chemical hazards and chemical wastes.
• Provide guidance for the safe handling, storage, and disposal of chemicals used on campus.
• Dispose of chemical wastes in an environmentally sound and cost-effective manner.
• Assist the campus community in complying with federal, state, and local regulations.

Basic chemical safety practices

The following five steps are fundamental to using chemicals safely. More detailed information on these and other safety practices can be found in subsequent chapters of this document.
• Chemical Hygiene Plan: Develop and follow a written safety plan. If you work in a laboratory, this would be a chemical hygiene plan (CHP); in other work areas, this would be a hazard communication plan.
• Material Safety Data Sheet: Know where the Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDSs) and other information sources for the chemicals you work with can be found. Knowing the hazards of the chemicals you work with is fundamental to working with chemicals safely.
• Labels: Make sure all your chemical containers are labeled. Each container must be labeled with the chemical name(s) and hazard warning(s).
• House Keeping: Maintain good housekeeping. Good housekeeping is the most important step one can take to improve safety.
• Document training of employees. Train new employees on the OSHA Hazard Communication standard or the OSHA Laboratory Standard, as appropriate. Provide refresher training annually or when new procedures are implemented.

• Section 1
• Section 2
• Section 3
• Section 4
• Section 5
• Section 6
• Section 7
• Section 8

Responsibilities
Principal Investigators and Laboratory Supervisors:
• Maintain an up-to-date copy of the TAMUCC Chemical Hygiene Plan or equivalent and ensure that laboratory workers comply with the Plan
• Train or arrange for training of laboratory workers, and maintain records documenting such training
• Implement and enforce the use of safety procedures including any necessary personal protective equipment
• Ensure the availability of Material Safety Data Sheets and relevant reference materials
Laboratory Workers (includes Teaching/Research Assistants):
• Follow all health and safety procedures
• Report all hazardous conditions to the supervisor
• Wear or use prescribed personal protective equipment
• Report any job-related injuries or illnesses to supervisor immediately
• Request information or training when unsure about how to handle a hazardous chemical
The Environmental, Health and Safety Department (E,H&S):
• Maintain a library of Material Safety Data Sheets and other safety resources
• Maintain TAMUCC Chemical Safety Guide
• Maintain TAMUCC Chemical Hygiene Plan
• Provide training and consultation upon request
• Make routine inspections, as well as special, health and risk appraisals

Deans, Directors, and Head of Academic and Administrative Units
They have the primary responsibility for the health and safety of their staff and students. Specific responsibilities regarding the implementation of the Chemical Hygiene Plan include:
• Collaborate with faculty and staff to adapt this Chemical Safety Guide, and to include lab-specific guidelines and to develop strategies to implement the Chemical Hygiene Plan
• Make budget arrangements for health and safety improvements

2.1 Steps for Planning an Experiment
An easy mechanism to facilitate effective planning is to consider the steps of an experiment in a flow chart. When the fundamental steps in the research process and the flow of work through each step are understood, the critical issues for laboratory work can be addressed. Consideration shall be given to risk assessment, acquisition and storage of chemicals, handling of chemicals and equipment, and disposal of waste. Laboratory supervisors and workers shall have a clear understanding of the goal of “safety first”, and formulate the experiments accordingly.

2.2 Evaluating Hazards and Assessing Risks in the Laboratory
Laboratory supervisor shall conduct a complete assessment of hazards for all materials and suspected products associated with the experiment or procedure. If the supervisor determines the risks to be unacceptable then experiments shall be redesigned to minimize the volumes of chemicals used or to employ less hazardous alternatives that might do the
job equally well. To determine the hazards involved, material safety data sheet (MSDS) could be used as a source of information.

2.3 Management of Chemicals
The experiment plan shall include provisions for acquiring and storing chemicals and equipment to be used in procedures. Some considerations for management of materials include effective labeling; inventory maintenance and reagent tracking; source reduction and materials sharing; compound shelf life; monitoring of reactive chemicals; hazards associated with storage of incompatibles, flammables, reactive chemicals; and storage of chemicals.

2.4 Working with Chemicals
In a practical setting it is impossible to anticipate all potential issues, however the laboratory worker shall approach laboratory supervisor for potential accidents involving the use of particular chemicals and set ups. Careful consideration shall be given for sample preparation, equipment assembly, data acquisition, storage and disposal. Minimizing accidents and possibly eliminating accidents shall be a high priority.

2.5 Working with Equipments
A complete assessment shall be made of the equipment proposed for the experiment to highlight any associated hazards. There are several hazards involved with faulty equipments, such as nip, cuts, and crush injuries. Laboratory supervisor shall monitor all equipments in the laboratory and shall ensure that they have been maintained properly. If the equipment involves the use of warning signs, then the laboratory supervisor shall ensure that appropriate signs be posted in accordance to state and federal regulations. For further information on warning signs please contact E, H&S at Extn-5555.

2.6 Disposal of Waste
Waste generation is an integral part of almost all experiments. A proactive planning of experiments can reduce generation of hazardous waste. Hazardous waste can pollute the environment, harm the workers if not properly protected, and is expensive to dispose off. Laboratory supervisors shall ensure that hazardous wastes are stored in the appropriate containers and be picked up by E, H& S on a weekly basis. Satellite accumulation areas are only for temporary storage and not a permanent solution. Laboratory supervisors shall contact E, H & S at Extn-5555 for a special waste pick up. Currently E, H&S picks up waste every Thursday.

3.1 Sources of Information
3.1.a Chemical Hygiene Plan (CHP)
Every laboratory at TAMUCC where chemicals are used shall have a written Chemical Hygiene Plan. The E, H& S has a general Chemical Hygiene Plan for all laboratories, however each laboratory shall develop their own plan, but only after the written approval of the Safety Coordinator of the E, H&S Department. The new Chemical Hygiene Plan shall incorporate all the topics covered by the general CHP developed by E, H&S and can have further additional safety measures based on their needs.

3.1.b Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)
Federal law requires that manufacturers and distributors of chemicals provided users with MSDS of all chemicals distributed. The laboratory supervisor shall ensure that all teaching and research labs at TAMUCC, where chemicals are used have the MSDSs of all chemicals used. MSDSs are designed to provide the information needed to protect users from any hazards that may be associated with the product. MSDSs are primary vehicles through which the potential hazards of materials obtained from commercial sources are communicated to the laboratory worker. TAMUCC has a commitment to retain and make readily available to workers the MSDSs provided by chemical suppliers.

MSDSs are concise technical documents, generally two to five pages in length. An MSDS typically begins with a compilation of data on the physical, chemical, and toxicological properties of the substance and then provides general suggestions for handling, storage, and disposal. Finally, emergency and first aid procedures are usually outlined.

3.1.c Additional Sources of Information
Labels
Commercial suppliers are required by law to provide their chemicals in containers affixed with precautionary labels. Labels usually present concise and non-technical summaries of the principal hazards associated with their contents.

The Environmental, Health and Safety Department shall provide laboratory workers, laboratory supervisors, and faculty members with any additional information they need about any of the chemicals that are used at TAMUCC laboratories. We can be reached at Extn-5555.

3.2 Toxic Effects of Laboratory Chemicals
3.2.a Basic Principles
The chemicals encountered in the laboratory have a broad spectrum of physical, chemical, and toxicological properties and physiological effects. Laboratory supervisor shall inform the workers of risks associated with the use of laboratory chemicals before conducting any experiments. The risk of toxic effects is related to both the extent of exposure and the inherent toxicity of a chemical. The extent of exposure is determined by the dose, the duration and frequency of exposure, and the route of exposure. Some of the factors affecting toxicity are discussed further in detail.

3.2.b Dose: Perhaps the single most significant factor of concern is the amount of exposure to the chemical. An exposure to a large amount of the chemical is usually of more concern than exposure to a small amount. For most chemicals, there is a level of exposure below which no adverse effects are likely to be observed.

3.2.c Toxicity: Chemicals vary widely in how toxic (poisonous) they are. Exposure to small amounts of highly toxic chemicals can be a greater danger than exposure to large amounts of less toxic chemicals.

3.2.d Duration and frequency: One-time exposures that are of short duration are of less concern than multiple exposures of long duration, all other factors being equal. Thus, when there has been a chemical exposure, an important piece of information concerns duration and frequency.

3.2.e Synergistic effects: Many situations involve exposure to two or more chemicals at the same time. When this happens, it is possible that the combined exposures are more hazardous than what one might expect from simply adding the two effects together. While information to exposures to a single chemical is often available, good information on the possible toxic effects to chemical mixtures is often not available.

3.2.f Individual characteristics: Each person is unique. While there are many similarities in response to chemical exposures, responses may vary dramatically among individuals. For examples, males can react differently than females. Special concern is often given for women who are pregnant. Some individuals are allergic or hypersensitive to certain chemicals.

3.2.g Acute and chronic effects: Acute effects are those that show up immediately after a chemical exposure occurs. Chronic effects are those that occur after a significant amount (sometimes even years) of time passes and usually are the result of multiple exposures over a period of time.

3.3 Routes of Exposure
There are three major routes of entry for a chemical to enter the body: inhalation; direct contact (to skin and eyes); and ingestion. Injection is a fourth, though much less common, route of entry for chemicals. An understanding of these routes of entries enables one to develop procedures or controls to prevent hazardous exposures to chemicals.

3.3.a Inhalation hazards: Inhalation of chemicals is the most common route of entry a chemical can take to enter the body. Chemicals that could be inhaled include:
• gases
• the vapors of volatile liquids
• mists and sprays of both volatile and nonvolatile liquid substances
• solid chemicals in the form of particles, fibers, and dusts

3.3.b Direct (skin/eye) contact hazards: Many chemicals (e.g. acids) can injure the skin directly, while others may cause irritation or an allergic reaction. In addition to causing local toxic effects, many chemicals may be absorbed through the skin and/or eyes in sufficient quantity to cause systemic effects. The main avenues by which chemicals enter the body through the skin are hair follicles, sebaceous glands, sweat glands, and cuts or abrasions of the skin.

Direct contact effects and absorption of chemicals through the skin depend on a number of factors, including:
• chemical concentration
• chemical reactivity
• the solubility of the chemical in fat and water
• the condition of the skin
• the duration of contact

3.3.c Ingestion hazards: Ingestion of chemicals is a less common route of entry into the body. However, persons using chemicals can easily ingest chemicals into the body via contaminated hands if they are not washed prior to eating, drinking, smoking, applying cosmetics, or sticking part of the hand or a writing tool that has become contaminated into the mouth.

3.3.d Injection hazards: This route is the least likely for chemical exposures. Accidental injection of chemicals through needles is unlikely. However, if needles are contaminated or contaminated glassware breaks, there is the possibility of injecting chemicals into the body. Injections can also occur through high pressure streams of liquids or gases.

3.4 Types of Toxins
The toxicity of a chemical refers to its ability to damage an organ system (kidneys, liver), disrupt a biochemical process (e.g., the blood-forming process) or disturb an enzyme system at some site remote from the site of contact. Toxicity is a property of each chemical that is determined by molecular structure. Any substance can be harmful to living things. But, just as there are degrees of being harmful, there are also degrees of being safe. The biological effects (beneficial, indifferent or toxic) of all chemicals are dependent on a number of factors.

For every chemical, there are conditions in which it can cause harm and, conversely, for every chemical, there are conditions in which it does not. A complex relationship exists between a biologically active chemical and the effect it produces that involves consideration of dose (the amount of a substance to which one is exposed), time (how often, and for how long during a specific time, the exposure occurs), the route of exposure (inhalation, ingestion, absorption through skin or eyes), and many other factors such as gender, reproductive status, age, general health and nutrition, lifestyle factors, previous sensitization, genetic disposition, and exposure to other chemicals.

The most important factor is the dose-time relationship. The dose-time relationship forms the basis for distinguishing between two types of toxicity: acute toxicity and chronic toxicity. The acute toxicity of a chemical refers to its ability to inflict systemic damage as a result (in most cases) of a one-time exposure to relative large amounts of the chemical. In most cases, the exposure is sudden and results in an emergency situation.
Chronic toxicity refers to a chemical's ability to inflict systemic damage as a result of repeated exposures, over a prolonged time period, to relatively low levels of the chemical. Some chemicals are extremely toxic and are known primarily as acute toxins (hydrogen cyanide); some are known primarily as chronic toxins (lead). Other chemicals, such as some of the chlorinated solvents, can cause either acute or chronic effects.
The toxic effects of chemicals can range from mild and reversible (e.g. a headache from a single episode of inhaling the vapors of petroleum naphtha that disappears when the victim gets fresh air) to serious and irreversible (liver or kidney damage from excessive exposures to chlorinated solvents).The toxic effects from chemical exposure depend on the severity of the exposures. Greater exposure and repeated exposure generally lead to more severe effects.

Exposure to harmful chemical can result in local toxic effects, systematic toxic effects, or both. Local effects involve injury at the site of first contact, such as an injury to eye or skin. Systematic effects, by contrast, occur after the toxicant has been absorbed from the site of contact into the bloodstream and distributed throughout the body.

3.4.a Irritants: Chemicals which are not corrosive, but which cause reversible inflammatory effects on living tissue at the site of contact. A wide variety of organic and inorganic chemicals are irritants, and consequently, skin and eye contact with all chemicals in the laboratory should be avoided.

3.4.b Corrosives: Chemicals that cause visible destruction of, or irreversible alterations in, living tissue by chemical action at the site of contact. Corrosive effects can occur not only on the skin and eyes, but also in the respiratory tract and in, the case of ingestion, in the gastrointestinal tract as well. Corrosive materials are probably the most common toxic substances encountered in the laboratory.

3.4.c Allergens: A chemical allergy is an adverse reaction by the immune system to a chemical. Such allergic reactions result from previous sensitization to the chemical or structurally similar chemical. Once sensitization occurs, allergic reactions can result from exposure to extremely low doses of the chemical.

3.4.d Asphyxiants: They are substances that interfere with the transport of an adequate supply of oxygen to the vital organs of the body. The brain is the organ most easily affected by oxygen starvation, and exposure to asphyxiants can lead to rapid collapse and death. A few examples or ashphyxiants are acetylene, carbon dioxide, argon, helium, ethane, nitrogen, and methane.

3.4.e Carcinogen: A material which causes or potentially causes cancer according to the International Research on Cancer, or is listed as such in the National Toxicology Program Annual Report on Carcinogens http://ehis.niehs.nih.gov/roc/. There are very few chemicals known to cause cancer in humans, but there are many suspected carcinogens and many substances with properties similar to known carcinogens. Zero exposure should be the goal when working with known or suspected carcinogens. Workers who are routinely exposed to carcinogens should undergo periodic medical examinations. Examples of known carcinogens include asbestos, benzene, xylene, tobacco smoke, and aflatoxins.

3.4.f Reproductive and Developmental Toxins: Reproductive toxins are chemicals that can produce adverse effects in parents and developing embryos. Chemicals including heavy metals, some aromatic solvents (benzene, toluene, xylenes, etc.), and some therapeutic drugs are capable of causing these effects. In addition, the adverse reproductive potential of ionizing radiation and certain lifestyle factors, including excessive alcohol consumption, cigarette smoking, and the use of illicit drugs, are recognized.
While some factors are known to affect human reproduction, knowledge in this field (especially related to the male) is not as broadly developed as other areas of toxicology. Male reproductive toxins can in some cases lead to sterility. Two well known male reproductive toxins are ethylene dibromide and dibromochloropropane. In addition, the developing embryo is most vulnerable during the time before the mother knows she is pregnant. Therefore, it is prudent for all persons with reproductive potential to minimize chemical exposure.

3.4.g Neurotoxins: Neurotoxic chemicals can induce an adverse effect on the structure or function of the central and /or peripheral nervous system, which can be permanent or reversible. Many neurotoxins are chronically toxic substances whose adverse effects are not immediately apparent. At the present time, because of the limited data available in this area, significant uncertainties attend the assessment of risks associated with work with neurotoxic substances.

3.4.h Target Organ Effects:
• Cutaneous hazards: damage the skin
• Eye hazards: damage the eye
• Hematopoetic toxins: damage the blood and/or blood forming organs
• Hepatotoxic: damage the liver
• Nephrotoxic: damage the kidneys
• Neurotoxins: damage the nervous system
• Pulmonary toxins: damage the lungs
• Reproductive toxins: affect the fetus

3.4.i Sensitizer: Sensitizers may cause little or no reaction upon first exposure. Repeated exposures may result in severe allergic reactions. A few examples of sensitizers include isocyanates, nickel salts, beryllium compounds, diazomethane, and formaldehyde.

3.4.j Mutagen: A material that damages chromosomes.

3.4.k Teratogen: A material that causes birth defects.

3.5 Flammable, Reactive, and Explosive Hazards
In addition to the hazards due to the toxic effects of chemicals, hazards due to flammability, explosibility, and reactivity need to be considered in risk assessment.

3.5.a Flammable Substances: Flammable substances are those that readily catch fire and burn in air, may be solid, liquid, or gases. The most common fire hazard in the laboratory is a flammable liquid or the vapor produced from such a liquid. For a fire to occur, three conditions must exist simultaneously: an oxidizing atmosphere, ignition source, and a concentration of flammable gas or vapor that is within the flammable limits of the substance.

3.5.a.i Aerosol: A material that can produce a flame or flashback from a valve opening.

3.5.a.ii Gas: Any gas at ambient conditions that will cause a flammable mixture with air in concentrations of 13% or less.

3.5.a.iii Liquid: Any liquid, or mixture with 1% or more of a liquid, with a flash point below 141° F.

3.5.a.iv Solid: A material that is liable to cause fire through friction, contact with moisture, spontaneous reaction, or retained heat, or which can be readily ignited and burns with enough persistence or violence to cause a serious health hazard.

3.5.b Flammability Characteristics: The characteristics of flammability is vital to understand more about flammability.

3.5.b.i Flashpoint: Flashpoint is the lowest temperature at which a flammable liquid gives off sufficient vapor to ignite.

3.5.b.ii Ignition Temperature: The ignition temperature (auto-ignition temperature) of a substance, whether solid, liquid, or gas, is the minimum temperature required to initiate or cause self-sustained combustion independent of the heat source. The lower the ignition temperature, the greater the potential for a fire started by typical laboratory equipment. A spark is not necessary for ignition when the flammable vapor reaches its auto-ignition temperature.

3.5.b.iii Limits of Flammability: Each flammable gas and liquid has two fairly definite limits of flammability defining the range of concentrations in mixtures with air that will propagate a flame and cause an explosion. At the low extreme, the mixture is oxygen rich but contains insufficient fuel. The lower flammable limit (lower explosive limit (LEL)) is the minimum concentration of the fuel in air at which a flame is propagated when an ignition source is present. The upper flammable limit (upper explosive limit (UEL)) is the maximum concentration of the vapor in air above which a flame is not propagated. The flammable range consists of all concentrations between the LEL and UEL.

3.5.b.iv Classes of Flammability: Several systems are in use for classifying the flammability of materials. To assess risk quickly, the most direct indicator is the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) system, which classifies flammables according to the severity of the fire hazard with numbers 0 to 4 in order of increasing hazard: 0, will not burn; 1, must be preheated to burn; 2, ignites when moderately heated; 3, ignites at normal temperature; 4, extremely flammable.

3.5.c Causes of Ignition
There are several reasons for ignition to occur, some of the reasons are discussed below.

3.5.c.i Spontaneous Combustion: Spontaneous combustion (auto ignition) takes place when a substance reaches its ignition temperature without the application of external heat. The possibility of spontaneous combustion should always be considered, especially when storing or disposing of materials.

3.5.c.ii Ignition Sources: Potential ignition sources in the laboratory include the torch, Bunsen burner, as well as a number of electrically powered, sources ranging from refrigerators, stirring motors, and microwave ovens. Whenever possible replace open flames by electrical heating.

3.5.c.iii Oxidants Other than Oxygen: The most familiar fire involves a combustible material burning in air. The oxidant driving a fire or explosion need not be oxygen itself, depending on the nature of reducing agents. A few examples of non-oxygen oxidants are fluorine, chlorine, nitrous oxide, hydrogen peroxide, nitric acid, perchloric acid, and bromine.

3.5.c.iv Special Hazards: Compressed or liquefied gases present hazards in the event of fire because the heat will cause the pressure to increase, and the container may rupture. Even if not under pressure, a substance in the form of a liquefied gas is more concentrated than in the vapor phase and may evaporate extremely rapidly.

3.5.d Reactive Hazards
3.5.d.i Water Reactives: Water reactive materials are those that react violently with water. Alkali metals such as lithium, sodium, and potassium react with water to produce heat and flammable hydrogen gas, which can ignite or combine explosively with atmospheric oxygen. Some anhydrous metal halides, and non metal oxides react exothermally with water, and the reaction can be violent if there is insufficient coolant water to dissipate the heat produced.

3.5.d.ii Pyrophorics: Pyrophoric materials will ignite spontaneously in air at or below 130 degree Fahrenheit. Many finely divided metals are pyrophoric, and their degree of reactivity depends on particle size, as well as factors such as the presence of moisture and the metal nitride formation.

3.5.d.iii Incompatible Chemicals: Accidental contact of incompatible substances could result in a serious explosion or the formation of substances that are highly toxic or flammable or both. Laboratory supervisors and workers shall avoid placing incompatible chemicals near each other. Some general guidelines that can be applied are oxidizing agents are incompatible with reducing agents. Organics and inorganic solvents are incompatible. Acids are incompatible with bases. If the laboratory worker has any doubts about incompatibility he or she shall approach the laboratory supervisor or faculty for more information on compatibilities. E, H&S Department can also be contacted for further information on incompatibilities at Extn-5555.

3.5.e.i Explosive Hazards: An explosive is any chemical compound or mechanical mixture that, when subjected to heat, impact, friction, detonation, or other suitable initiation, undergoes rapid chemical change, evolving large volumes of highly heated gages that exert pressure on the surrounding medium.

3.5.e.ii Peroxides: Organic peroxides are among the most hazardous substances handled in the chemical laboratory. They are generally low power explosives that are sensitive to shock, sparks, or other accidental ignition. They are far more shock sensitive than most primary explosives such as TNT. Also potentially hazardous are compounds that undergo auto-oxidation to form organic hydro-peroxides and peroxides when exposed to the oxygen in air. Especially dangerous are ether bottles that have evaporated to dryness. Peroxide present as a contaminant in a reagent or solvent can be very hazardous and change the course of a planned reaction.

3.5.e.iii Other Oxidizers: Oxidizing agents may react violently when they come into contact with reducing materials, and sometimes with ordinary combustibles. Such oxidizing agents include the halogens, oxyhalogens, chromates, and persulfates. Percholoric acid is a powerful oxidizing agent with organic compounds and other reducing agents. Percholorate salts can be explosive and should be treated as potentially hazardous compounds.

3.5.e.iv Dusts: Suspensions of oxidizable particles in the air can constitute a powerful explosive mixture. These materials should be used with adequate ventilation and should not be exposed to ignition sources. Some solid materials, when finely divided, are spontaneously combustible if allowed to dry while exposed to air. These materials include zirconium, titanium, Raney nickel, finely divided lead, and catalysts such as activated carbon containing active metals and hydrogen.

3.5.e.v Explosive Boiling: A dangerous, physically caused explosion can occur if a hot liquid or a collection of very hot particles comes into sudden contact with a lower boiling point material. Sudden boiling eruptions occur when nucleating agent such as charcoal is added to a liquid heated above its boiling point. Even if the material does not explode directly, the sudden formation of a mass of explosive or flammable vapor can be very dangerous.

3.5.f Physical Hazards
3.5.f.i Compressed Gases: Compressed gases can expose the worker to both mechanical and chemical hazards, depending on the gas. A gas or gas mixture with an absolute pressure exceeding 40 p.s.i.(pounds per square inch) at 70° F, or exceeding 104 p.s.i. at 130° F, or a liquid having a vapor pressure exceeding 40 p.s.i. at 100° F as determined by ASTM D-232-72, a standard of the American Society of Testing and Materials. Hazards can result from the flammability, reactivity, or toxicity of the gas, from the possibility of asphyxiation, and from the gas compression itself, which could lead to a rupture of the tank or valve.

3.5.f.ii Nonflammable Cryogens: Nonflammable cryogens mainly liquid nitrogen can cause tissue damage from extreme cold because of contact with either liquid or boil-off gases. In poorly ventilated areas, inhalation of gas due to boil-off or spills can result in asphyxiation. Another hazard is explosion from liquid oxygen condensation in vacuum traps or from ice plug formation or lack of functioning of vent valves in storage Dewars.

3.5.f.iii High Pressure Reactions: Experiments carried out at pressures above one atmosphere can lead to explosion from equipment failure. Hydrogenation reactions are frequently carried out at elevated pressures. A potential hazard is the formation of explosive O2 H2 mixtures and the reactivity/pyrophoricity of the catalyst.

3.5.f.iv Vacuum Work: Vacuum systems pose severe implosion hazards. All vacuum equipment is subject to possible implosion. Conduct all vacuum operations behind a table shield or in a fume hood. Do not underestimate the pressure differential across the walls of glassware that can be created by a water aspirator.

Ensure that pumps have belt guards in place during operation; that service cords and switches are free from defects. Always use a trap on vacuum lines to prevent liquids from being drawn into the pump, house vacuum line, or water drain. Replace and properly dispose of vacuum pump oil that is contaminated with condensate. Used pump oil must be disposed as hazardous waste. Do not operate pumps near containers of flammable chemicals and make sure there is adequate ventilation.

The glassware used with vacuum operations must be heavy-walled round-bottomed glassware and should be used for vacuum operations. The only exception to this rule is glassware specifically designed for vacuum operations, such as an Erlenmeyer filtration flask. Wrap exposed glass with tape to prevent flying glass if an implosion occurs.
Be sure to inspect vacuum glassware before and after each use for any chipped, scratched, broken or otherwise stressed glass; discard them if the mentioned characteristics are found. Glass desiccators often have a slight vacuum due to contents cooling. When using desiccators, use molded plastic desiccators with high tensile strength. For glass desiccators, use a perforated metal desiccator guard.

3.5.f.v UltraViolet, Visible, and Near Infrared Radiation: Ultraviolet, visible, and near-infrared radiation from lamps and lasers in the laboratory can produce a number of hazards. Powerful arc lamps can cause eye damage and blindness within seconds. Some compounds, for example, chlorine dioxide, are explosively photosensitive. When incorrectly used, UV, visible or near IR light from lasers pose a hazard to the eyes of the operators and other people present in the room, and is also a potential fire hazard.

3.5.f.vi Radiofrequency and Microwave Hazards: Radiofrequency (RF) and microwave occur within the range of 10kilohertz to 300,000 megahertz and are used in RF ovens and furnaces, induction heaters, and microwave ovens. Extreme overexposure to microwaves can result in the development of cataracts and or sterility. Use of metals in microwave ovens can result in arcing, and if a flammable solvent is present it may result in fire or explosion. Capping of vials and other containers used in the oven can result in explosion from pressure buildup within the vial. Inappropriately selected plastic containers may melt.

3.5.f.vii Electrical Hazards: Access to electrical equipment (e.g. plugs, switches and electrical panels) shall be maintained free from obstructions to allow immediate access in an emergency. All receptacle outlets in laboratory spaces shall be the polarized grounding type. Ground Fault Circuit Interrupters (GFCI's) shall be used in those locations involving wet processes or outdoor work, including electrical outlets within six feet of sinks. All electrical hand tools used inside laboratories shall be grounded or double insulated.

All electrical extension cords used shall be visible and inspected on a periodic basis for damage and/or defects. Cords shall not run in aisles or corridors where they might be damaged or create a tripping hazard. Cords shall not be run through doors, walls or partitions, under rugs, or above dropped ceilings. They shall not be wrapped around fixtures, tied in knots, or draped over pipes, lights, or ventilation ductwork. Extension cords shall not be used as substitution for fixed receptacle outlets. Cords used for 110-120 volt service shall be heavy-duty three-wire equipped with a polarized three prong plug. Two wire type extension cords shall not be used.

3.5.f.viii Cuts, Slips, Trips, and Fall Hazards: Among the most common injuries in laboratories are back injuries and injuries arising from broken glass and from slipping or tripping. Cuts can be minimized by using correct procedures such as using glass-o-matic for inserting glass rods. Clutter free labs, and proper house keeping in labs can prevent most of the slip and trip hazards. If there is a chemical or water spill, clean up the spill immediately. Placing safety cones in wet surfaces can prevent most of the slip hazards. If any lab worker, student, or supervisor has a slip, trip, cut or fall injury, don not fail to fill an injury report and submit the same to E,H&S department.

Section 4.0
Management of Chemicals
Laboratory workers, supervisors, faculty, and students play an important role in the management of chemicals. Wise and prudent management of chemicals in its life cycle at TAMUCC can not only minimize risks to humans and to the environment, but also decrease costs involved in the disposal of chemicals.

4.1 Source Reduction
Prudent management of chemicals in laboratories must begin long before the actual arrival of chemicals. Careful planning of experiments before hand can lead to reduction of chemicals used, eliminate expired chemicals, minimize worker exposures to chemicals, and reduce hazards for receiving personnel to hazardous materials.

4.1.a Importance of Minimizing Chemical Orders: In acquiring chemicals it is prudent to do a life cycle analysis. All costs associated with the progress of each chemical through its lifetime shall be considered. Purchasing cost is just the initial cost, other costs include handling, and disposal costs, it is prudent to consider all these costs when purchasing chemicals.

It is not advisable to accept chemicals as a gift. If a chemical is offered to your department as a gift, the supervisor shall contact the Safety Coordinator of E,H&S Department before accepting such gifts. Some times chemical gifts in large quantities can be a liability for your department and TAMUCC. If you are not sure of how much chemical you need for the academic year, kindly order them in small quantities, less is better. Small quantities of chemicals reduce disposal costs, breakage is lesser, storeroom space required is lesser, and also the exposure to chemical is less. Large size containers also lead to transferring the chemicals, which might result in accidents, spills, and exposures.

4.1.b Strategies to Minimize Hazardous Waste Generation: Experimental design and execution are central in strategies to minimize the generation of hazardous waste. The design should evaluate all potential sources of hazardous waste expected from the proposed experiment and incorporate strategies to minimize those sources. A few such strategies are:
• Using micro-scale equipments to reduce the waste generation
• Proper planning of experiments in such a way as to reduce waste from the starting point to the completion of the experiment
• Using less solvents to rinse equipments, for example using several rinses with small volume of solvents than using large volume for rinse
• Substituting non-hazardous, or less hazardous, chemicals where possible by considering alternate synthetic methods
• Recycling and reusing materials where possible, and chemical redistribution
• Avoid generating multi-hazardous waste or mixed waste

4.2 Storage of Chemicals in Stockrooms and Laboratories
4.2.a General Considerations
In general, store materials and equipment in cabinets and on shelving provided for such storage such as acid cabinets.
• Avoid storing materials and equipment on top of cabinets. If you must place them there maintain a clearance of at least 18 inches from the sprinkler system.
• Do not store materials on top of high cabinets where they will be hard to see or reach.
• Avoid storing heavy materials, and large containers beyond your reach.
• Keep exits, passageways, areas under tables or benches, and emergency equipment areas free of stored equipment and materials.
• Label all chemical containers appropriately.
• Provide a definite storage place for each chemical and return the chemical to that location after each use.
• Chemicals which are being used currently shall only be stored in fume hoods. Fume hoods are not for permanent or long term storage.
• Store volatile toxics and odoriferous chemicals in a ventilated cabinet.
• Do not expose stored chemicals to heat or direct sunlight.
• Observe all precautions regarding the storage of incompatible chemicals.
• Separate chemicals into compatible groups and store alphabetically within in compatible groups.
• Always store flammable liquids in approved flammable liquid storage cabinets.
Chemicals shall be segregated by hazard classification. Once segregated by hazard class, chemicals may be stored alphabetically.
Basic segregations shall keep:
• oxidizers away from organics
• air/water reactives away from air and water
• caustics away from acids
• cyanides, sulfides away from acids
Laboratories with large numbers of hazard classifications may choose to further segregate chemicals. Laboratory workers who are not familiar with safe storage of chemicals may contact their laboratory supervisors on information about safe storage and handling of chemicals. If in doubt always ask, or contact E, H&S at Extn-5555.

4.2.b Container Safety
Laboratory workers and supervisors shall ensure that all containers are of good integrity. If deteriorated containers are found, dispose of the chemical or transfer it to a new container. Make sure that the container is appropriate for the chemical stored; for example, hydrofluoric acid must not be stored in glass and some oxidizers shall not be stored in plastic containers. Waste halogenated solvents may not be stored in metal safety cans due to the potential for corrosion. Flammable materials, if removed from their original containers, shall be stored in appropriate containers, such as safety cans or other Department of Transportation (DOT) approved containers.

4.2.d Storing Gas Cylinders
Use appropriate hand carts to move compressed gas cylinders. Gas cylinders shall be capped and secured to a cart during transport Always consider cylinders as full and handle them with corresponding care.

Gas cylinders shall be stored in well-ventilated areas with their protective caps on. Gas cylinders shall be secured (e.g., strapped or chained in place) to reduce the chance of being knocked over. Do not store cylinders near heat or high traffic areas. Do not store flammables and oxidizers together. Do not store empty and full cylinders together. Storage of large quantities of cylinders shall be in an approved gas cylinder storage area.

4.2.e Storing Highly Reactive Substances
The following guidelines should be followed when storing highly reactive substances:
• Consider the storage requirements of each highly reactive chemical prior to bringing it into the laboratory.
• Consult the MSDS of the material before storing it in the laboratory.
• Always bring the supplies which you need for immediate purposes (less than 3-6 months, the length depending on the nature and sensitivity of the material).
• Make sure that label states Danger! Highly Reactive Material!
• Never open a container of highly reactive material that is expired. If you need to open such containers contact your laboratory supervisor or E,H&S Department at Extn-5555.
• Never open liquid organic peroxide or peroxide former if crystals or a precipitate are present. If you need to open such containers contact your laboratory supervisor or E,H&S Department at Extn-5555.
• Segregate the following materials:
- Oxidizing agents from reducing agents and combustibles
- Powerful reducing agents from readily reducible substrates
- Pyrophoric compounds from flammables, and
- Perchloric acid from reducing agents
• Always have secondary containment for highly reactive chemicals
• Restrict the access of highly reactive chemicals, storage rooms, and laboratories to unauthorized personnel.

4.2.f Storing Toxic Substances
The following precautions should be taken when storing toxic substances:
• Store highly toxic chemical in secured, restricted access areas.
• Always bring the supplies which you need for immediate purposes (less than 3-6 months, the length depending on the nature and sensitivity of the material).
• Make sure that label states Caution! Reproductive Toxin Storage or Caution! Cancer-Suspect Agent Storage

Section 5.0
Working with Chemicals
Hundreds of thousands of different chemicals are encountered in research and teaching laboratories at TAMUCC. Laboratory supervisors, workers, and faculty who encounter these chemicals are advised to work under conditions that minimize the risks to themselves and the surrounding. Four fundamental principles that shall be followed by lab supervisors, workers, and faculty members are as follows:
• Plan ahead; determine the potential hazards associated with an experiment before beginning it.
• Minimize exposure to chemicals. Use proper personal protective equipments, and fume hoods.
• Do not underestimate risks. Assume that any mixture of chemicals will be more toxic than its most toxic component. Treat all chemicals with caution and respect.
• Be prepared for accidents. Before beginning an experiment, know what specific action to take in the event of the accidental release of any hazardous substance. Know the location of the nearest safety equipments such as fire extinguishers, fire alarm, emergency numbers, safety showers, and other prudent practices which are discussed in this chemical safety guide.

5.1 Prudent Planning
The risk associated with an experiment should be determined before the laboratory work begins. Laboratory workers shall contact the laboratory supervisor, or faculty members for any doubts on planning experiments. Remember to consult MSDSs of chemicals, always evaluate their physical and chemical hazards before conducting any experiments. Never conduct a new experiment without the presence or knowledge of a faculty member or lab supervisor. If you are not aware or unsure of any procedures in the experiment, contact your lab supervisor, faculty member or E,H&S Department at Extn-5555.

5.2 General Procedures for working with Hazardous Chemicals
Respect and understand the environmental, safety and health hazards associated with the chemicals and equipment you use, and practice the following general safety guidelines at ALL times:
i. Accident response: If an injury requiring emergency medical assistance has occurred, call University Police at 361-825-4444.

ii. Chemical spills: If a toxic/hazardous chemical has made contact with the skin, start flushing the area immediately. If emergency assistance is required, call 4444. First Aid procedures for chemical spills are presented in MSDS of the chemical.

iii. Children and unauthorized persons: Children and other unauthorized persons shall not be in laboratories where hazardous materials or hazardous equipment are being used.

iv. Disposal of chemicals: Requests for collection of chemical waste must be submitted in writing or by email as outlined in the Chemical Waste Management Guide. Questions about chemical waste management shall be directed to the E,H&S department at 825-5555.

v. Electrical: Access to electrical equipment (e.g. plugs, switches and electrical panels) shall be maintained free from obstructions to allow immediate access in an emergency. All receptacle outlets in laboratory spaces shall be the polarized grounding type. Ground Fault Circuit Interrupters (GFCI's) shall be used in those locations involving wet processes or outdoor work, including electrical outlets within six feet of sinks. All electrical hand tools used inside laboratories shall be grounded or double insulated.

All electrical extension cords used shall be visible and inspected on a periodic basis for damage and/or defects. Cords shall not run in aisles or corridors where they might be damaged or create a tripping hazard. Cords shall not be run through doors, walls or partitions, under rugs, or above dropped ceilings. They shall not be wrapped around fixtures, tied in knots, or draped over pipes, lights, or ventilation ductwork. Extension cords shall not be used as substitution for fixed receptacle outlets. Cords used for 110-120 volt service shall be heavy-duty three-wire equipped with a polarized three prong plug. Two wire type extension cords shall not be used.

vi. Emergency eye wash/safety showers: Be certain safety showers/emergency eye washes are properly located and maintained. These units shall be located in areas which will be immediately accessible. There shall be no obstructions that shall inhibit the use of this equipment.

Eye washes and safety showers shall be flushed on a regular basis to verify that the units are working and to clear the lines of stale water and debris. Whenever these emergency units are checked for proper functioning, written documentation showing the date and person's initial performing the check shall be maintained. The Physical Plant of TAMUCC performs the checking on eye washes and safety showers. It is the responsibility of the Principle Investigator and or the lab coordinator to ensure the routine maintenance of the safety showers and eye washes. If the safety showers and eye washes are not checked on a regular basis a work order shall be placed to Physical Plant at 825-2324.

vii. Equipment: Use proper equipment that is in good condition. For example, never use chipped or cracked glassware. Shield pressurized or vacuum apparatus and safeguard against bumping or overheating.

viii. Fire extinguishers: Fire extinguishers must be available, charged, and hung in a location which is immediately accessible (less than 75ft). There shall be no obstructions that shall inhibit the use of this equipment. Make sure that all extinguishers are inspected annually.

Each extinguisher shall have a tag indicating the date it was last inspected. Contact E,H&S (361) 825-5555 for assistance.

ix. Food, drink, cosmetics: Eating, drinking and the application of cosmetics are forbidden in areas where hazardous chemicals are used and shall be done only in well-defined, designated non-chemical areas. Food and drinks shall not be stored in the same refrigerator with chemicals, biohazards, or radioactive materials.

x. Horseplay: Practical jokes or other behavior which might confuse, startle, or distract, another worker is forbidden at all times in all TAMUCC laboratories.

xi. Housekeeping: Exits, aisles and safety equipment must NOT be obstructed in any way with equipment, furniture, or other items. Aisles within the laboratory shall be 36 inches in clear width. Work areas and floors are not to be used for excessive storage. Doors which are not in use but which are accessible from a corridor or adjacent room shall be appropriately labeled if they are blocked on the interior of the room. Hallways are not to be used as storage areas.

xii. Mercaptans: To avoid false reporting of natural gas leaks, mercaptans shall not be used in such a manner (e.g. scrubbers for effluent) that persons outside of the laboratory could smell the mercaptan and suspect a natural gas leak in the building. All persons using mercaptans shall report these uses to the E,H&S department or lab supervisor prior to actual use.

xiii. Mouth pipetting: Mouth pipetting is forbidden at all times.

xiv. Perchloric acid: If perchloric acid is heated above ambient temperature it may evaporate and condense on ductwork in the form of explosive perchlorates. Hence, when heating perchloric acid above ambient temperature, a perchloric acid fume hood with a water wash down system or a local scrubbing or trapping system must be used. Currently at TAMUCC we do not have a perchloric acid fume hood.

xv. Signs: All laboratories shall have posted near the telephone or door entrance, the telephone numbers of persons to call in the event of an emergency. In addition to numbers for chemical spill, radiation spill, fire and medical emergency, there shall also be included name of responsible person (PI) along with office and home phone number.The NFPA 704 diamond shall also be posted outside each laboratory for use by firefighters and safety personnel during emergency situations. Radioactivity work areas shall have the radiation hazard symbol posted, and areas where human blood or other potentially infectious materials are stored or used must bear the universal biohazard symbol.

xvi. Smoking: No smoking in laboratories. If you have been using chemicals, be sure to wash your hands before smoking.

xvii. Spill preparedness: Before working with chemicals, assess potential spill hazards. Each laboratory worker shall be familiar with general spill response procedures. Written protocols shall be developed when extremely hazardous or large quantities of chemicals are used. Have readily available all necessary personal protective equipment and spill cleanup materials.

xviii. Unattended experiments: If operations involving hazardous substances are carried out with no one present, it is the responsibility of the worker to design procedures to prevent the release of hazardous substances in the event of interruptions in utility services such as electricity, cooling water, and inert gas. Lights shall be left on, and signs shall be posted identifying the nature of the operation and the hazardous substances in use. If appropriate, arrangements shall be made for other workers to periodically inspect the operation.
Similarly, if unattended experiments require the use of running water, the worker shall develop procedures to make sure the experiment is checked periodically for water leaking from the system.

xix. Working alone and after hour operation: When working with hazardous materials, it is dvisable to have a second person present, or at a minimum, maintain contact via telephone. It is recommended that when working alone to inform your lab coordinator and your faculty advisor about the details of the experiment. Individuals working in the lab after business hours shall inform the University Police of the same. Also provide the building and room number of your laboratory, so that a police officer may conduct a building check for your safety.

xx. Satellite Accumulation Areas: All chemical laboratories have satellite accumulation areas with a label stating the same. The satellite accumulation containers shall be closed when not in use. Good housekeeping procedures shall be maintained to prevent spills from satellite accumulation containers.

Section 6.0
Working with Laboratory Equipment
Proper use of laboratory equipment is required to work safely with hazardous chemicals. Teaching and research assistants are trained on how to work with laboratory equipments on a regular basis by the PALS department. Some equipment handling requires special training and this is can be facilitated by the subject expertise or faculty member. Many of the accidents in laboratories are due to improper handling of equipments, proper training can minimize such accidents, whenever special training is required contact the E,H&S department.

6.1 Working with Water-Cooled Equipment
The use of cooling water in laboratory condensers and other equipment is common laboratory practice, but can create a flooding hazard. Disconnection of hoses from supplying water is a common problem, which can lead to flooding, and in some cases even shock hazard when water comes in contact with electrical outlets. To prevent such hazards ensure that the tubes are tightly clamped, do not use deteriorated tubes, always watch out for flooding especially when leaving the scene for long time periods. Inform your supervisor when leaving the experiment unattended.

6.2.a Working with Electrically Powered Laboratory Equipment
Electrically powered laboratory equipment is used routinely for laboratory operations requiring heating, cooling, agitation or mixing, and pumping. Electrical equipments pose shock hazard; a current of 10 milliamperes (mA) poses some danger, and 80-100 mA can be fatal. If improperly used electrical equipments can also be a source of ignition. Access to electrical equipment (e.g. plugs, switches and electrical panels) shall be maintained free from obstructions to allow immediate access in an emergency. All receptacle outlets in laboratory spaces shall be the polarized grounding type. Ground Fault Circuit Interrupters (GFCI's) shall be used in those locations involving wet processes or outdoor work, including electrical outlets within six feet of sinks. All electrical hand tools used inside laboratories shall be grounded or double insulated.

All electrical extension cords used shall be visible and inspected on a periodic basis for damage and/or defects. Cords shall not run in aisles or corridors where they might be damaged or create a tripping hazard. Cords shall not be run through doors, walls or partitions, under rugs, or above dropped ceilings. They shall not be wrapped around fixtures, tied in knots, or draped over pipes, lights, or ventilation ductwork. Extension cords shall not be used as substitution for fixed receptacle outlets. Cords used for 110-120 volt service shall be heavy-duty three-wire equipped with a polarized three prong plug. Two wire type extension cords shall not be used.

6.2.b Personal Safety Techniques for Use with Electrical Equipment
• Never try to fix or repair any electrical equipments, even if you are qualified to do so. The Physical plant will repair your electrical gadgets. Report to your lab supervisor if you notice any faulty circuits, or electrical fittings.
• If a person is in contact with a live electrical conductor, first disconnect the power before you remove them to safety.
• If you notice fire sparks from faulty wiring, or electrical gadget, immediately switch off the main power supply and contact the University Police at Extn-4444.
• Never put out an electrical fire with water, use the fire extinguisher that is available in your laboratory.
• In the event that some one receives an electrical shock (even if it is a minor shock), fill out an incident report and inform your laboratory supervisors of the same; only after taking the necessary steps to remove the person to safety and after administering first aid.

6.3 Other Equipment Safety
6.3.a Vacuum Pumps
Vacuum systems, capable of imploding, resulting in substantial quantities of glass shrapnel or flying debris, shall be protected with cages or barriers, or for smaller systems, shall be wrapped in tape. The input line from the set up to the vacuum pump should be fitted with a cold trap to collect volatile substances from the system and minimize the amount that enters the vacuum pup and dissolves in the pump oil. Pump oil from vacuum pumps shall be considered as hazards waste and be disposed off accordingly. Belt driven pumps shall be fitted protective guards.

6.3.b Refrigerators and Freezers
The potential hazards posed by laboratory refrigerators involve vapors from the contents, the possible presence of incompatible chemicals, and spillage. The contents of the laboratory refrigerator should be enclosed in unbreakable secondary containers. Avoid placing your head inside the refrigerator for more than 5 minutes. If you cannot find the chemical you are looking for, then close the refrigerator and then reopen if after few minutes. This procedure shall be followed to avoid rising the temperature of the contents inside the refrigerator. Never place uncapped chemicals inside a refrigerator, aluminum foils, corks, and glass stoppers do not provide vapor tight seals, avoid using them. Carefully label all samples which are kept inside the refrigerator. All refrigerators used in laboratories at TAMUCC shall be labeled as NO FOOD OR DRINKS IN REFRIGERATOR.

6.3.c Stirring and Mixing Devices
The stirring and mixing devices commonly found in laboratories include stirring motors, magnetic stirrers, shakers, small pumps for fluids, and rotary evaporators for solvent removal. The hazards posed by such devices are electrical sparks, mechanical injuries, and sometimes explosion. To prevent such incidents it is prudent to place such equipments in a fume hood and conduct the operation, if unattended for long hours fit the motors with a fuse or thermal protection device. When placed in hood, ensure that the plug point is outside the fume hood, so that you can cut off the power supply in case of an emergency.

6.3.d Heating Devices
Perhaps the most common types of electrical equipment found in a laboratory are ovens, hot plates, heating mantles and tapes, oil baths, sand baths, salt baths, air baths, hot furnaces, hot-air guns, and microwave ovens.

Some laboratory heating procedures involve an open flame. Common hazards associated with laboratory heating devices include electrical hazards, fire hazards, and hot surfaces.
Follow these guidelines when using heating devices:
Before using any electrical heating device, follow these guidelines:
• Ensure that heating units have an automatic shutoff to protect against overheating.
• Ensure that heating devices and all connecting components are in good working condition.
• Heated chemicals can cause more damage and more quickly than would the same chemicals at a lower temperature.
• Reaction rates double for each 10° C increase in temperature.
• Heating baths should be equipped with timers to ensure that they turn on and off at appropriate times.
• Use a chemical fume hood when heating flammable or combustible solvents
• Arrange the equipment so that escaping vapors do not contact heated or sparking surfaces.
• Use non-asbestos thermal-heat resistant gloves to handle heated materials and equipment.
• Perchloric acid digestions must be conducted in a perchloric fume hood.
• Minimize the use of open flames.
• Never leave an open flame unattended.
• Never use laboratory oven for human food consumption.
• Avoid drying organic compounds in conventional ovens.
• If a mercury thermometer breaks inside an oven, immediately switch off the oven, and wait for it to cool before cleaning the spill. If you are not trained on cleaning up mercury spills, contact your laboratory supervisor, or E,H&S department for further assistance regarding the same.

6.3.e Centrifuges
Centrifuging presents the possibility of two serious hazards: mechanical failure and aerosols. The most common hazard associated with centrifuging is a broken tube. To ensure safety when operating a centrifuge, take precautions to ensure the following:
• Proper loading (accurate balancing)
• Safe operating speeds (do not exceed manufacturer recommendations)
• Safe stopping
• Complete removal of materials
• Proper cleanup
Follow these guidelines when working with a centrifuge:
• When loading the rotor, examine the tubes for signs of stress, and discard any tubes that are damaged.
• Inspect the inside of each tube cavity or bucket. Remove any glass or other debris from the rubber cushion.
• Ensure that the centrifuge has adequate shielding to guard against accidental flyaways.
• Use a centrifuge only if it has a disconnect switch that deactivates the rotor when the lid is open.
• Do not overfill a centrifuge tube to the point where the rim, cap, or cotton plug becomes wet.
• Always keep the lid closed during operation and shut down. Do not open the lid until the rotor is completely stopped.
• Do not break the head rotation by hand.
• Do not use aluminum foil to cap a centrifuge tube. Foil may rupture or detach.
• When balancing the rotors, consider the tubes, buckets, adapters, inserts, and any added solution.
• Stop the rotor and discontinue operation if you notice anything abnormal such as a noise or vibration.
• Rotor heads, buckets, adapters, tubes, and plastic inserts must match.
Low-speed and small portable centrifuges that do no have aerosol-tight chambers may allow aerosols to escape. Use a safety bucket to prevent aerosols from escaping. High-speed centrifuges pose additional hazards due to the higher stress and force applied to their rotors and tubes. In addition to the safety guidelines outlined above, follow these guidelines for high-speed centrifuges:
• Filter the air exhausted from the vacuum lines
• Keep a record of rotor usage, in order to avoid the hazard of metal fatigue.
• Frequently inspect, clean, and dry rotors to prevent corrosion or other damage.
• Follow the manufacturers operating instructions exactly.

6.3.f Cutting and Puncturing Tools
Hand injuries are very frequently encountered injuries in laboratories. This can be avoided by following some basic safety practices. All cutting and puncturing devices should be fully protected; sharps and needles should not be carelessly discarded in regular trash. Broken glassware shall be disposed off immediately in the broken glassware containers (only if it does not contain hazardous waste). Always report your injuries to your laboratory supervisor and fill in a incident report and submit copies to E,H&S Department.

6.3.g Slips, Trips, and Falls
The risks of slips, trips, and falls can be reduced by following simple housekeeping procedures such as cleaning up spills as soon they occur, placing safety cones near wet floors, keeping pathways clear, and keeping shelves, doors, and drawers closed. Most importantly never run inside a laboratory, you may not only endanger yourself but also others inside the laboratory.

6.3.h Ergonomics and Lifting
Both standing and sitting in a static posture and making repeated motions may cause ergonomic stress to your body. If you have to work long hours in the lab, make sure to a 2-3 min break and stretch your muscles. Avoid doing repetitive motion for long hours. If you feel any muscle soreness, or strain due to long hours off sitting in front of the computer then your seating arrangements may have to be reassessed. Do not lift heavy objects with out wearing a back belt. Back injuries can be prevented by avoiding frequent lifting of heavy objects. Contact E,H&S for further help on ergonomics or lifting safety.

6.4 Working with Compressed Gases

Compressed gases in the laboratory present chemical and physical hazards. If compressed gases are accidentally released, they may deplete oxygen atmosphere, fire, and adverse health effects. Cylinders that are knocked over or dropped can be very dangerous and can cause serious injuries. If a valve is knocked off a compressed gas cylinder, the cylinder can become a lethal projectile. Disposal of compressed gas cylinders is difficult and expensive, therefore be sure to arrange a return agreement with suppliers prior to purchase. Cylinders can travel through walls much like a torpedo travels through water. They can cause structural damage, severe injury, and death. Follow these guidelines to ensure safe storage of gas cylinders:
• Secure all cylinders in racks, holders, or clamping devices. Fasten cylinders individually (not ganged) in a well ventilated area.
• Do not rely on color to identify container contents. Check the label.
• Close valves, and release pressure on the regulators when cylinders are not in use.
• Minimize the number of hazardous gas cylinders in a laboratory. Do not exceed the following:
Three 10" x 50" flammable gas and/or oxygen cylinders, and
Two 9" x 30" liquefied flammable gas cylinders, and
Three 4" x 15" cylinders of severely toxic gases:
(e.g., arsine, chlorine, diborane, fluorine, hydrogen cyanide, methyl bromide, nitric oxide, phosgene).
• Keep heat, sparks, flames, and electrical circuits away from gas cylinders.
• Store cylinders of flammable and oxidizing agents at least 20 feet apart, or separate these items with a fire wall.
• Do not store gas cylinders in hallways or public areas.
When working with compressed gas cylinders, remember the following:
• Never move a gas cylinder unless the cylinder cap is in place and the cylinder is chained or otherwise secured to a cart.
• Do not move a cylinder by rolling it on its base.
• Only use regulators approved for the type of gas in the cylinder.
• Do not use adapters to interchange regulators.
• When opening a cylinder valve, follow these guidelines:
• Direct the cylinder opening away from people. Open the valve slowly.
• If a cylinder leaks, carefully move the cylinder to an open space outdoors.
• Have the supplier pick up the cylinder.
• Do not use oil or other lubricant on valves and fittings.
• Do not use oxygen as a substitute for compressed air.
• Do not lift cylinders by the cap.
• Do not tamper with the safety devices on a cylinder. Have the manufacturer or supplier handle cylinder repairs.
• Do not change a cylinder's label or color. Do not refill cylinders yourself.
• Do not heat cylinders to raise internal pressure.
• Do not use compressed gas to clean your skin or clothing.
• Do not completely empty cylinders. Maintain at least 30 pounds/square inch (psi).
• Do not use copper (>65% copper) connectors or tubing with acetylene
• Acetylene can form explosive compounds with silver, copper, and mercury.
• Always wear impact resistant glasses or goggles when working with compressed gases.

6.5 Cryogenic Liquids
Cryogenic fluids, such as liquid air, liquid nitrogen, or liquid oxygen, are used to obtain extremely cold temperatures. Most cryogenic liquids are odorless, colorless, and tasteless when vaporized. When cryogenic liquids are exposed to the atmosphere, however, they create a highly visible and dense fog. All cryogens other than oxygen can displace breathable air and can cause asphyxiation. Cryogens can also cause frostbite on exposed skin and eye tissue.
Cryogens pose numerous hazards. For example, cryogenic vapors from liquid oxygen or liquid hydrogen may cause a fire or explosion if ignited. Materials that are normally noncombustible (e.g., carbon steel) may ignite if coated with an oxygen-rich condensate. Liquefied inert gases, such as liquid nitrogen or liquid helium, are capable of condensing atmospheric oxygen and causing oxygen entrapment or enrichment in unsuspected areas. Extremely cold metal surfaces are also capable of entrapping atmospheric oxygen.
Some additional hazards associated with cryogenic liquids such as hydrogen, methane and acetylene are flammability. Oxygen increases the flammability of combustibles, possible oxygen entrapment, and extremely cold surfaces. The low temperatures of cryogenic liquids may affect material properties; take care to select equipment materials accordingly.
Follow these guidelines when working with cryogenic liquids:
• Before working with cryogenic liquids, acquire a thorough knowledge of cryogenic procedures, equipment operation, safety devices, material properties, protective equipment usage.
• Keep equipment and systems extremely clean.
• Avoid skin and eye contact with cryogenic liquids. Never inhale cryogenic vapors.
• Pre-cool receiving vessels to avoid thermal shock and splashing.
• Use tongs to place and remove items in cryogenic liquid.
• When discharging cryogenic liquids, purge the line slowly. Only use transfer lines specifically designed for cryogenic liquids.
• Rubber and plastic may become very brittle in extreme cold. Handle these items carefully when removing them from cryogenic liquid.
• Store cryogenic liquids in double-walled, insulated containers (e.g., Dewar flasks).
• To protect yourself from broken glass if the container breaks or implodes, tape the exposed glass on cryogenic containers.
• Do not store cylinders of cryogenic liquids in hallways or other public areas.
• Be aware of the tremendous expansion and threat of asphyxiation when a cryogenic liquid vaporizes at room temperature.
6.6 Vacuum Work and Apparatus
Vacuum work can result in an implosion and the possible hazards of flying glass, spattering chemicals, and fire. All vacuum operations must be set up and operated with careful consideration of the potential risks. Always wear a face shield and conduct the operation in a fume hood, this prevents injuries to face especially when a pressure difference within the equipment is involved. Refer section 3.5.f.iv for more information on vacuum apparatus safety. If you are not sure or have any doubts on operating a vacuum system, it is prudent to contact your laboratory supervisor or E,H&S Department for more information on using such equipments.

6.7 Using Personal Protective, Safety, and Emergency Equipment
At TAMUCC, we believe in a proactive approach as far as safety is concerned. Engineering, and administrative controls are practiced extensively to reduce any safety concerns. However there are times when personal protective equipments (PPE) shall be used as the last line of defense. All laboratory workers, students, staff, laboratory supervisors, and faculty members shall use PPE such as lab coats, goggles, and closed toed shoes in all laboratories where PPE is necessary.
Note that selection of appropriate personal protective equipment is not always straightforward. In the case of gloves, there are a wide variety of types depending on the specific application. Although some types of personal protective equipment may be suitable for a wide range of applications, each operation shall be assessed individually.

6.7.a Personal Clothing and Lab Coats
Attire: Wear a lab coat (lab coats shall be buttoned up at all times); cover legs (no shorts or skirts) and feet (no sandals or open-toed shoes), confine loose clothing and long hair. Nylons and/or pantyhose are not recommended because they may melt upon contact with acid.

6.7.b Eye protection: It is TAMUCC policy that personnel including students, faculty, staff and visitors in laboratories wear safety glasses, goggles, or face shields at all times where eye hazards are a possibility. Goggles are recommended when chemical splashes are possible. Contact lenses may be worn in the laboratory; however, they do not provide any protection of the eyes. Persons who wear contacts must use the same eye protective equipment as persons who do not wear contacts.

6.7.c Face shields: Full-face shields must be worn when conducting a procedure which may result in a violent reaction. Full-face shields with bottom caps to protect the neck are preferred because they provide the best protection. It is prudent to conduct such experiments in a fume hood.

6.7.d Gloves: Gloves are essential when working with hazardous substances. The proper gloves will prevent skin absorption, infection or burns. Glove materials vary in effectiveness in protecting against chemical hazards. Appendix 5 at the end of this safety guide serves as a general chemical resistance chart or contact E,H&S (361) 825-5555 for assistance in appropriate selection.

6.8 Safety and Emergency Equipment
All laboratory workers, faculty, staff, and supervisors shall be trained and be aware of the location of the nearest safety equipments such as fire extinguishers, safety showers, eye wash stations, emergency telephones, and emergency exits. Annual refresher training on handling safety equipments are conducted by the PALS department in conjunction with the E,H&S Department. If additional training is required contact E,H&S at Extn-5555.

6.8.a Spill Preparedness and Spill Control Kits
Most laboratory chemical spills and many small chemical spills outside laboratories can be safely cleaned up by those who spilled the material. If handled properly, these small spills are little more than minor nuisances. On the other hand, some spills shall be cleaned up only by specially trained emergency response personnel.

Since spills can greatly disrupt your activities, and, at worst, cause bodily harm or property damage, it is prudent to make preparations before spills occur. This section provides basic emergency preparedness information and gives general guidance on how you shall respond to chemical spills. After a spill is contained, an incident report form has to be completed by the employer and submitted to E,H&S Department.

6.8.a.i Preventing spills: Listed below are some basic spill prevention steps that apply to storage, transportation, and transfer of chemicals.
6.8.a.ii General precautions
* reduce clutter and unnecessary materials in your work areas
* eliminate tripping hazards and other obstructions
* have all needed equipment readily available before starting work
6.8.a.iii Storage precautions
* use sturdy shelves
* larger containers shall be stored closer to the floor
* containers on shelves shall be stored back from the edge to reduce the danger of falling
* storage shelves shall have lips to further reduce the danger of falling
* chemicals shall be stored first by compatibility, then alphabetically
* inspect the storage area regularly for leaking or defective containers
* use appropriate storage containers
* do not store unprotected glass containers on the floor
6.8.a.iv Transportation precautions
* use carts, where appropriate
* use safety containers, or secondary spill containers where appropriate
* use bottle carriers for 2.5 and 4.0 liter bottles
* use straps to secure containers, where appropriate
* think about potential hazards before transporting chemicals
* consider purchasing plastic coated "shatter resistant" bottles
6.8.a.v Precautions in transferring chemicals
* pay careful attention to the size of container to avoid overfilling
* use pumps or other mechanical devices rather than simple pouring
* provide containment to capture leaks and spills

6.8.a.vi Preparing for spills: It is best to proceed in an organized manner for spill response. Evaluating potential hazards and establishing protocols in advance will be well worth the initial effort.
Before working with chemicals you shall determine what could go wrong and how you might respond to a spill. As a result of this evaluation, you shall prepare written protocols for use in the event of a spill and make sure that you have all the necessary personal protective devices, safety equipment, and containment/clean up materials readily available. These protocols need to be communicated to all persons who might be affected by a spill. Each individual who may be involved in spill response or clean up must know the purpose and limitations of all personal protective equipment, safety equipment and clean up materials.

6.8.a.vii Spill control kits: Spill control kits and or materials shall be available at all times in all chemical laboratories. You may buy prepackaged spill kits from various vendors. Because prepackaged kits tend to be expensive, many chemical users prefer to make their own kits. Shall you decide to make your own kit, include the following at a minimum:
• Disposable (nitrile or latex) gloves (1 box)
• Neoprene gloves (1 set)
• Safety goggles (vent less preferred)
• Poly scoop
• Poly dustpan
• Plastic bags
• Absorbent material
• 3M Chemical Sorbent or similar material, or
• 1:1:1 mixture of sand, soda ash, and kitty litter
• 5-gallon poly (plastic) pail
The location of spill control kits shall be clearly marked and highly visible. Make sure all personnel know the location of the kit, are familiar with the contents of the kit, and understand the limitations of the kit.

6.8.a.viii Defining and Classifying a Spill
There are two basic types of spills: mercury spills and chemical spills.

6.8.a.ix Mercury spills generally require assistance for safe and proper collection. During normal business hours, contact your supervisor or call Environmental, Health and Safety Department at 825-5555 for assistance. During after hours, contact University Police at Extn-4444.

6.8.a.x Chemical spills can be broken down into two basic subtypes: simple spills, which you can clean up yourself, and complicated spills, which require outside assistance.

6.8.a.xi Complicated Spill:
If your spill meets ANY of the following conditions of a complicated spill, call University Police at 4444 immediately. Evacuate the laboratory including all students, employees, and faculty members. If any one is injured remove them to a safe area, where no chemicals are present. Check the MSDS of the chemical for first aid procedures. Follow the first aid procedures and wait for university police.
A spill is complicated if:
• a person is injured
• identity of the chemical is unknown
• multiple chemicals are involved
• the chemical is highly toxic, flammable or reactive
• the spill occurs in a "public space" such as corridors
• the spill has the potential to spread to other parts of the building such as through the ventilation
system
• the clean up procedures are not known or appropriate materials are not readily available
• the spill may endanger the environment such as reaching waterways or soil contamination
6.8.a.xii Simple Spill:
If none of the above are met, the spill is defined as simple. You may clean up simple spills in accordance with the TAMUCC Chemical Waste Management Guide. If you have any questions about clean up procedures contact E,H&S at (361) 825-5555.

After cleaning up a spill incident, inform your lab supervisor and please make sure to fill out the incident report and send a copy to the E,H&S Department. Our fax number is 825-3337/our mail code is 5876.

6.9 Fire Safety Equipment
All fire extinguishers in the laboratories at TAMUCC can handle Class A,B, and C fires. All the extinguishers are inspected annually and tagged. All laboratory workers, supervisors, faculty, and staff shall be trained by E,H&S on handling fire extinguishers in case of an emergency. Fire extinguishers shall be easily accessible, and there shall be no obstructions that shall inhibit the use of this equipment.`

6.10 Respiratory Protection
Work in a fume hood or provide adequate ventilation when working with materials that produce hazardous vapors or fumes. If the use of a respirator is required, you must comply with TAMUCC Respiratory Program, which includes a medical assessment, fit testing, and instructions on proper use. If during any experimental procedures, the use of a respirator is required contact E,H&S before performing such experiments. E,H&S can guide you on the selecting the right respirators. Under OSHA regulations, only equipment listed and approved by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), or Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA) may be used for respiratory protection. Also under the regulations, respirator fit test, and training shall be conducted to the employees before using such respirators. To avoid any complications all laboratory supervisors, workers, faculty, and staff shall get a prior approval from the Safety Coordinator of E,H&S Department at Extn-5555, before using a respirator. E,H&S will not only train you on the proper use of respirators, but also guide you on selecting the right respirator.

6.11 Safety Showers and Eyewash Stations
Safety showers and eyewash stations shall be available in areas where chemicals are used. They shall be used for immediate first aid treatment of chemical splashes on body and eyes, and for extinguishing clothing fires. Every laboratory workers, supervisors, staff, and faculty shall be trained to operate a safety showers and eyewash stations. Be certain safety showers/emergency eye washes are immediately accessible and clutter free. There shall be no obstructions that shall inhibit the use of this equipment.

Eye washes and safety showers shall be flushed on a regular basis to verify that the units are working and to clear the lines of stale water and debris. Whenever these emergency units are checked for proper functioning, written documentation showing the date and person's initial performing the check shall be maintained. The Physical Plant of TAMUCC performs the checking on eye washes and safety showers. It is the responsibility of the laboratory supervisor and or the lab coordinator to ensure the routine maintenance of the safety showers and eye washes. If the safety showers and eye washes are not checked on a regular basis a work order shall be placed to Physical Plant at 825-2324.

Section 7.0
Chemical Waste Management
(If you are not sure on how to dispose your chemical waste contact your laboratory supervisor or E,H&S Department at Extn-5555)
Waste is defined as surplus, unneeded, or unwanted material. All laboratories generate waste; it is the obligation of the laboratories to dispose of the wastes in the most eco- friendly manner and within Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) and Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act (SARA Title iii) regulations. TAMUCC follows a “cradle to grave” method on disposal of hazardous waste. Hazardous chemical can described as one which is toxic, reactive, corrosive, and or flammable. All hazardous materials shall be disposed of only by the E,H&S Department.

7.1 Prudent Practices and Special Concerns
7.1.a Minimizing quantities of hazardous waste
The best way to manage waste is to avoid generating it. However in a laboratory setting it is not possible to avoid generating waste. It is a common practice to order larger quantities of chemicals to take advantage of reduced costs of chemicals. As a result, chemicals have exceeded their shelf life and must be disposed; in some cases it is more expensive to dispose chemicals rather than to buy them. By ordering smaller quantities of chemicals laboratories can prevent high disposal costs and reduce spill and storing hazards.

7.1.b Substitution
It is a prudent practice to substitute hazards materials with non-hazardous materials. This prevents high disposal costs, prevents exposures, injuries, and storage difficulties for laboratories.

7.1.c Receiving Chemical Gifts
It is not advisable to receive chemicals as gifts. There is a possibility that laboratories may receive large quantities of chemicals which is probably not required by them; this could become a liability for the laboratories in storing them, and disposing them. If you are offered a chemical gift, contact the E,H&S at Extn-5555 before accepting them.

7.1.d Unknowns
Label all chemicals, waste containers and waste chemicals legibly, this prevents the generation of unwanted chemicals. Unknown chemicals cost the university a fortune towards disposal costs, because they have to be analyzed even if it is not hazardous, and will be treated as hazardous waste.

7.1.e Non-hazardous Waste Disposal
Disposal of any non-hazardous chemicals shall be done in a responsible manner where their disposal shall not cause any harm to the environment. Laboratory workers and students shall not dispose any chemicals down the drain. Any non-hazardous waste is not regulated; such non-hazardous materials shall be disposed according to the label, supplier’s directions, and prudent laboratory practices. Inert, non-hazardous, non-toxic substances including nuisance dusts, refactory materials, composite materials, rubber, and metals commonly found in trash. Metal dusts may be reactive and should be deactivated before determined non-hazardous.

Disposal
The following procedures have to be followed when disposing off chemicals:

* Pl